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B1 grammarrelative clausesRelativsätze

German Relative Clauses (Relativsätze) for B1: Pronouns, Cases, and Common Mistakes

A complete guide to German relative clauses for B1 learners. Covers relative pronouns, the verb-final rule, genitive forms, and the most common errors that cost marks in the TELC exam.

13 June 20266 dk okuma

Relative clauses let you add information about a noun without starting a new sentence. At B1 level, they appear in reading texts, Sprachbausteine gaps, and — if you use them correctly — they significantly improve your writing score. This guide explains the complete system with a focus on the patterns that matter most for the exam.

What Is a Relative Clause?

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that refers back to a noun in the main clause (called the antecedent). It is introduced by a relative pronoun and always contains a conjugated verb pushed to the end.

Das ist die Frau, die hier arbeitet. — That is the woman who works here. Ich habe das Buch gelesen, das du empfohlen hast. — I read the book that you recommended.


Relative Pronouns: The Full Table

Relative pronouns in German look almost identical to the definite articles (der, die, das) — with two exceptions in the dative plural and all genitive forms.

MaskulinumFemininumNeutrumPlural
Nominativderdiedasdie
Akkusativdendiedasdie
Dativdemderdemdenen
Genitivdessenderendessenderen

Two rules govern which pronoun you choose:

  1. Gender and number are determined by the antecedent — the noun being referred to.
  2. Case is determined by the function of the relative pronoun within the relative clause.

This is the key insight that many learners miss. The case has nothing to do with the case of the antecedent. It is determined entirely by what role the pronoun plays inside the relative clause.


How to Choose the Correct Pronoun: Step by Step

Work through two questions:

Step 1: What is the gender/number of the noun I am referring to? This gives you the column: masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural.

Step 2: What is the role of the relative pronoun in the relative clause?

  • Is it the subject of the relative clause? → Nominative
  • Is it the direct object? → Accusative
  • Is it after a dative preposition or an indirect object? → Dative
  • Does it show possession? → Genitive

Example:

Der Mann, ___ ich gestern gesehen habe, arbeitet hier.

Antecedent: der Mann → masculine. Role in relative clause: object of gesehen habe → accusative. Answer: den (masculine accusative).

Der Mann, den ich gestern gesehen habe, arbeitet hier.


The Verb-Final Rule

In a relative clause, the conjugated verb goes to the very end of the clause. This applies without exception.

Das Hotel, das wir gebucht haben, war teuer.Das Hotel, das haben wir gebucht, war teuer.

In perfect tense constructions, the auxiliary (haben/sein) goes last:

Die Frau, die den Brief geschrieben hat, ist meine Lehrerin.

With modal verbs, the modal goes last:

Das Formular, das Sie ausfüllen müssen, liegt auf dem Tisch.


The Comma Rule

Every relative clause in German is separated from the main clause by a comma. This is not optional — it is a grammatical rule, not a stylistic choice. Omitting the comma is marked as an error in writing tasks.

Das ist das Buch, das ich suche. ✓ (comma before das) Das ist das Buch das ich suche. ✗ (missing comma)


Genitive Relative Pronouns: dessen and deren

The genitive forms (dessen for masculine/neuter, deren for feminine/plural) express possession. They are the B1 edge case — you are unlikely to need to produce them in writing, but you will encounter them in reading texts.

Das ist der Mann, dessen Auto vor der Tür steht. — That is the man whose car is parked outside. Die Frau, deren Tochter ich kenne, wohnt nebenan. — The woman whose daughter I know lives next door.

Note: after dessen/deren, the following noun takes no article. This catches learners who write dessen das Auto — incorrect.


10 Example Sentences from B1 Exam Contexts

  1. Das Formular, das Sie ausfüllen müssen, finden Sie auf unserer Website.
  2. Der Kurs, den ich besuche, beginnt um neun Uhr.
  3. Die Mitarbeiterin, der ich die Unterlagen gegeben habe, hat heute frei.
  4. Das Gespräch, das wir geführt haben, war sehr hilfreich.
  5. Der Arzt, dem ich vertraue, hat eine neue Praxis eröffnet.
  6. Die Stadt, in der ich wohne, hat gute Verkehrsverbindungen.
  7. Das Angebot, das wir erhalten haben, ist sehr attraktiv.
  8. Die Kollegen, mit denen ich zusammenarbeite, kommen aus verschiedenen Ländern.
  9. Der Antrag, den ich gestellt habe, wurde bewilligt.
  10. Die Wohnung, die ich mieten möchte, ist in der Nähe des Bahnhofs.

Note sentence 6: when a relative clause follows a preposition (in der), the preposition comes before the relative pronoun, not at the end of the clause.


Common Mistakes: Correct vs Incorrect

IncorrectCorrectError
Das ist der Mann, den hier arbeitet.Das ist der Mann, der hier arbeitet.Accusative pronoun used for nominative subject
Das Buch, das ich lese es, ist gut.Das Buch, das ich lese, ist gut.Extra pronoun — the relative pronoun already replaces the noun
Die Frau die ich kenne, wohnt hier.Die Frau, die ich kenne, wohnt hier.Missing comma
Der Film, das ich gesehen habe, war lang.Der Film, den ich gesehen habe, war lang.Wrong gender — Film is masculine, not neuter; also accusative here
Mit der Frau, die ich arbeite.Mit der Frau, mit der ich arbeite.Preposition must appear in the relative clause
Das ist das Kind, dessen die Mutter krank ist.Das ist das Kind, dessen Mutter krank ist.No article after dessen/deren

Summary

  • Relative pronoun gender/number = gender/number of the antecedent
  • Relative pronoun case = its grammatical role inside the relative clause
  • Verb goes to the end of the relative clause
  • Always use a comma before the relative pronoun
  • Prepositions go before the relative pronoun, not after
  • dessen/deren for genitive possession; no article follows
  • The pronoun replaces the noun — do not repeat it with er/sie/es

Ready to practise relative clauses in real exam-style exercises? Our B1 mock tests include grammar tasks at exactly the level you need.

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